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【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

2021-12-18由 健康使者雷鋒 發表于 時尚

導讀

對於位於食管、胃和結直腸的病變,進行高質量內鏡黏膜下剝離術(ESD),獲得足夠的組織學樣本,進行詳細的病理學評估十分重要。來自日本國立癌症研究中心醫院的Yutaka Saito等人在Gastroenterology發表了一篇文章,目的是以一種易於理解的方式介紹在胃腸道中進行高質量ESD的技巧和策略。圖文並茂,逐步講解,希望能對您有所啟發。

How to Perform a High-Quality Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

如何進行高質量內鏡黏膜下剝離術

Gastric polypectomy was developed by Niwa and Tsuneoka et al in 1968, followed by Wolff and Shinya in 1969, who first reported colon polypectomy。 In 1971, Karita et al and Dyehle et al reported endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and Inoue et al developed EMR using a cap for the treatment of early esophageal cancer。

Niwa和Tsuneoka等人於1968年提出胃息肉切除術,隨後Wolff和Shinya於1969年首先報告了結腸息肉切除術。1971年,Karita等人和Dyehle等人報告了內鏡下黏膜切除術(EMR),Inoue等人開發了用於治療早期食管癌的透明帽輔助下EMR。

During EMR, lesions of ≤2 cm in diameter can be resected en bloc; for lesions that are >2 cm, the only options were piecemeal resection or surgery。 Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive and effective technique for the en bloc resection of early-stage cancers or precancerous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract that are >2 cm in size。

EMR期間,直徑≤2 cm的病變可以整塊切除;對於> 2 cm的病變,唯一的選擇是分片切除或外科手術。內鏡黏膜下剝離術(ESD)是一種微創且有效的技術,用於整塊切除胃腸道中大於2 cm的早期癌症或癌前病變。

In the 1980s, Hirao et al developed a technique called endoscopic resection with a local injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine solution。 In this procedure, a circumferential incision is made with a needle knife and the submucosa is dissected。 Later, in the 1990s, Ono et al at National Cancer Center Hospital developed an insulated tipped knife and started gastric ESD。 At about the same time, Oyama started gastric ESD using the prototype of the hook knife, which they created by bending a needle knife, and Yahagi et al。 used the snare tip (then the dual knife) for ESD。

20世紀80年代,Hirao等人開發了一種稱為內鏡切除術的技術,先區域性注射高滲鹽水-腎上腺素溶液,然後用針刀做一個圓周切口並剝離黏膜下層。20世紀90年代,國立癌症中心醫院的Ono等人開發了一種尖端絕緣的電刀,並開始了胃ESD。大約在同一時間,Oyama將針刀彎曲(hook刀原型)進行胃ESD,而Yahagi等人使用圈套器尖端(然後是雙刀)進行ESD。

After >20 years, esophageal and colorectal ESD can now be safely performed by experts。 However, ESD cannot be performed safely and reliably without appropriate indications, devices, and a well-thought-out strategy。 Furthermore, the first step is to properly identify and diagnose lesions using image-enhanced endoscopy that are amenable to ESD。 Obtaining adequate histological specimens for detailed pathologic evaluation with high-quality ESD is also a minimum requirement。 The purpose of this article is to provide tips and strategies for performing high-quality ESD in the gastrointestinal tract in an easy-to-understand manner。

20多年後,食管和結直腸ESD已經可以由專家安全地進行。但是,如果沒有適當的適應症、裝置和深思熟慮的策略,無法安全可靠地進行ESD。此外,進行ESD的第一步是使用適合ESD的影象增強內鏡正確識別和診斷病變。進行高質量ESD,獲得足夠的組織學樣本,進行詳細的病理學評估是最低要求。本文的目的是以一種易於理解的方式介紹在胃腸道中進行高質量ESD的技巧和策略。

Devices and Setting

裝置和設定

A number of devices should be available for the conduct of ESD, including a water-jet scope, CO2 insufflation, distal attachments, submucosal injection solution, electrocautery generator, hemostat forceps, and clip device。

進行ESD需要各種裝置,包括水射流裝置、二氧化碳注入裝置、遠端附件、黏膜下溶液注射裝置、電灼器、止血鉗和鈦夾。

Esophageal ESD

食管ESD

Esophageal ESD is technically challenging because the narrow lumen of the esophagus makes countertraction owing to gravity less effective, the resected specimen retracts distally, making it difficult to maintain good traction and orientation, and the thin wall of the esophagus increases the risk of perforation。 To overcome these challenges, the following are technical tips and tricks to achieve high-quality esophageal ESD。

食管ESD在技術上具有挑戰性,因為食管的管腔狹窄,使得受重力影響的反向牽引效果較差,從遠端方向取出切除的樣本時,難以保持良好的牽引和方向,此外,食管壁較薄增加了穿孔風險。為了克服這些挑戰,介紹以下有助於進行高質量食管ESD的技術和技巧。

C-Shaped Incision and Dissection Strategy

C形切

剝離

策略

Because esophageal ESD is normally performed in the left lateral position, the left side is gravity dependent。 A partial circumferential incision is preferred to prevent the escape of fluid from the submucosal layer。 Therefore, a C-shaped mucosal incision is normally performed followed by submucosal dissection to maintain the lesion away from the water-pooling area, thereby enhancing visualization (Figure 1)。 In addition, suction of air thickens the submucosal cushion and facilitates a safe and effective mucosal incision。

由於食管ESD通常以左側臥位進行,而左側是依賴重力影響的。優選部分圓周切開,以防止液體從黏膜下層流出。因此,通常進行C形黏膜切開,然後進行黏膜下剝離,以使病變遠離液體區,從而增強視覺化(圖 1)。此外,抽吸空氣可使黏膜下液墊變厚,有利於安全有效的黏膜切開。

【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

Figure 1 C-shaped mucosal incision and submucosal dissection。 This procedure allows the lesion to be maintained away from the water-pooled area, thereby enhancing visualization

圖1。 C形黏膜切開和黏膜下剝離。該操作使病變遠離液體區,使手術視野更清楚。

Clip Line Traction

鈦夾掛線牽引

Tissue traction to expose the submucosal space plays a key role during high-quality esophageal ESD。 Among several reported traction methods, clip-line traction is commonly used in the esophagus。 An Endoclip with a thread is applied to the proximal edge of the lesion。 The thread is then pulled through the mouth proximally and gentle pressure is applied to the string; this maneuver invariably optimizes visualization of the submucosal layer during dissection。

牽引組織以暴露黏膜下空間在高質量食管ESD中起著關鍵作用。在幾種報告的牽引方法中,鈦夾掛線牽引通常用於食管。將帶線的鈦夾放置在病變的近端邊緣,然後從近端將線從口中拉出,輕微拉動該線,此操作可在剝離過程中保持黏膜下層的手術視野清晰。

A randomized controlled trial by Yoshida et al demonstrated that clip line traction-assisted ESD significantly decreased the procedure time compared with conventional ESD (44。5 minutes vs 60。5 minutes; P < 。001)。 More important, no adverse events, such as intraoperative perforation, were noted using this technique。 This traction technique is recommended by Japanese ESD/EMR guidelines。 Thereafter, submucosal dissection can be performed by manipulating the knife from inside to outside (Figure 2)。 This technique facilitates visualization of the left edge of the submucosal plane and muscle direction, allowing for safe and efficient esophageal ESD。

Yoshida等人的一項隨機對照試驗表明,與常規ESD相比,鈦夾掛線牽引輔助下ESD的操作時間顯著更短(44。5分鐘vs 60。5分鐘;P

【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

Figure 2 Submucosal dissection using the insulated tip knife。 Submucosal dissection can be performed by manipulating the knife from the inside to the outside。 This technique facilitates the visualization of the edges of the submucosal plane and the muscle direction, and allows safe and efficient esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection。

圖2。 使用尖端絕緣的電刀進行黏膜下剝離。可以從內到外利用電刀進行黏膜下剝離。這種技術有利於觀察黏膜下層邊緣和肌層方向,進行安全有效的食管內鏡黏膜下剝離。

Gastric ESD

胃ESD

With experience and improvement in endoscopists‘ skills and the availability of various ESD devices, gastric ESD has now become standard for early gastric cancer with a negligible risk of nodal metastasis。 A recent multicenter prospective cohort study showed en bloc and R0 resection rates of 99。2% and 91。6%, respectively。 However, the procedural time was >120 minutes in 25。9% of patients。 The main factors associated with long procedure time were lesions located in the upper or middle one-third of the stomach, a large tumor, and ulcerated lesions。 The following techniques are recommended to perform a safe and high-quality gastric ESD and to overcome technical difficulties。

隨著經驗的累積、內鏡醫師的技能提高以及越來越多的ESD裝置可用,胃ESD現在已成為淋巴結轉移風險忽略不計的早期胃癌的標準療法。最近的一項多中心前瞻性佇列研究顯示,整塊切除率和R0切除率分別為99。2%和91。6%。然而,25。9%的患者操作時間>120分鐘。與操作時間較長相關的主要因素是病變位於胃上部或中部三分之一處、大型腫瘤以及潰瘍病變。推薦以下技術來進行安全、高質量的胃ESD並克服技術難點。

Appropriate Submucosal Dissection Level

適當的黏膜下剝離

Gastric ESD is technically less demanding than esophageal and colorectal ESD and can be a starting point for nonexpert endoscopists。 The relative ease can be attributed to the thick stomach wall and the ability to obtain a stable scope position。 However, intraoperative bleeding commonly hinders the procedure owing to the presence of large vessels, particularly in the anterior and posterior walls of the middle and upper one-third of the stomach。 These large vessels normally penetrate the muscle layer vertically and then inflow horizontally at the level of the middle submucosal layer, forming a ramified vascular network。

與食管和結直腸ESD相比,胃ESD對技術的要求較低,可以作為非專業內鏡醫師的起點。胃ESD相對容易是因為胃壁較厚以及內鏡位置可保持穩定。然而,由於存在大血管,特別是位於胃中和胃上三分之一的前壁和後壁的大血管,術中出血通常會阻礙手術。這些大血管通常垂直穿透肌層,然後水平流入中間的黏膜下層,形成交錯的血管網路。

A layer containing fewer vessels and fibrotic tissue exists just above the muscularis propria。 Thus, the appropriate submucosal dissection depth is the avascular stratum immediately above the muscle layer。 It is also important to maintain an appropriate dissection level and identify the left and right edges of the submucosa as well as the muscle direction (Figure 3)。 These techniques allow us to perform safe and efficient gastric ESD and to obtain a high-quality specimen containing the entire submucosal layer。

在固有肌層正上方存在含有較少血管和纖維組織的層。因此,合適的黏膜下剝離深度是肌層正上方的無血管層。確保適當的剝離深度並確定黏膜下層的左右邊緣以及肌肉方向也很重要(圖3)。這些技術有利於進行安全有效的胃ESD,並獲得包含整個黏膜下層的高質量樣本。

【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

Figure 3 Appropriate submucosal dissection level。 The appropriate submucosal dissection depth is the avascular stratum just above the muscle layer。 It is very important to maintain the appropriate dissection level and to identify the left and right edges of the submucosa, as well as the muscle direction during submucosal dissection。

圖3。 適當的黏膜下剝離。適當的黏膜下剝離深度是肌層正上方的無血管層。確保適當剝離並確定黏膜下層的左右邊緣,以及黏膜下層剝離過程中的肌肉方向非常重要。

Near-Side Approach

從近側剝離

As mentioned elsewhere in this article, gastric ESD is a battle against intraprocedure bleeding, particularly for lesions located in the middle and upper one-third of the stomach。 It is challenging to identify the source of bleeding and subsequent hemostasis efforts if a circumferential mucosal incision is performed from the far to the near side in the retroflexed view。

如上文所述,胃ESD是與術中出血的鬥爭,特別是對於位於胃中部和上部三分之一的病變。如果在反轉內鏡時從遠側到近側進行圓周黏膜切開,那麼確定出血源以及進行後續止血是具有挑戰性的。

To avoid this challenging situation, the near-side approach was developed。 In this approach, a step-by-step incision is made followed by submucosal dissection from the near side to open the incision space quickly and to facilitate hemostasis (Figure 4)。 The near-side approach combines the use of an insulated and needle-type knife strategies to decrease the risk of making the bleeding points difficult to recognize and does not impair the advantages of the insulated knife as a safe and fast method。

為了避免這種具有挑戰性的情況,開發了近側方法,即先逐步切開,然後從近側進行黏膜下剝離,以快速開啟切口空間,促進止血(圖 4)。使用該方法,並使用絕緣刀和針刀,可以降低出血點識別難度,並且不會削弱絕緣刀安全快速的優勢。

【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

Figure4 Near-side approach in gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection。 This strategy facilitates visualization of bleeding sources and securing hemostasis。

圖4。 胃內鏡黏膜下剝離術的從近側剝離。該方法有利於識別出血源,方便止血。

Colorectal

ESD

結直腸ESD

Colorectal ESD is an excellent minimally invasive treatment for early-stage colorectal cancer or precancerous lesions larger than 2 cm, which are usually difficult to resect en bloc by EMR。 The main advantage of en bloc resection is that it can accurately assess submucosal and lymphovascular invasion and in case of submucosal invasion, en bloc specimens can reliably determine whether the resection is curative or noncurative。 Second, because the risk of local recurrence is extremely low, frequent surveillance for recurrence may not be necessary。

早期結直腸癌或大於2 cm的結直腸癌前病變通常難以透過EMR整塊切除,結直腸ESD是治療這些病變極好的微創療法。整塊切除術的主要優點是它可以準確評估黏膜下浸潤和淋巴血管浸潤,在黏膜下浸潤的情況下,整塊樣本可以可靠地確定切除是治癒性還是非治癒性。其次,由於區域性復發的風險極低,可能沒有必要頻繁監測復發。

Basic Technique for Colorectal ESD

結直腸ESD的基本技術

1。 For ESD, a basic skill involves using the left hand for all angle operations, and this is critical to gain expertise for this procedure。 It is not recommended for endoscopists to use the right hand to handle the up-down and right-left knobs。

對於ESD,基本技能涉及使用左手進行所有角度操作,這對於掌握ESD至關重要。不建議內鏡醫師使用右手來操控上下左右旋鈕。

2。 Colorectal ESD does not involve a full circumferential incision, but a partial incision that is followed by immediate submucosal dissection (Figure 5, A-D)。 After the flap is created, it is important to use a short-type tapered hood to adequately penetrate the submucosal layer (Figure 5, D)。

結直腸ESD不需要完全的圓周切開,而需要區域性切開,然後立即進行黏膜下剝離(圖 5,A-D)。在黏膜瓣形成後,重要的是使用短型錐形透明帽充分穿透黏膜下層(圖 5,D)。

【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

Figure 5 Basic technique for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection。 (A, B) If a reversal position is possible, commence endoscopic submucosal dissection with the reverse position。 (B) First, inject glycerol or saline to confirm good submucosal elevation, followed by the use of a viscous solution。 (C) A partial incision followed by immediate submucosal dissection。 (D) After the flap is created, use a short-type ST hood to adequately penetrate the submucosal layer。 (E, F)。 Proceed with partial incision and submucosal dissection in the pocket creation method or tunneling method。 (G, H) Once the dissection has progressed to some extent, commence marginal incision and dissection on the opposite side。 (I-K) Repeat the process of partial incision and dissection of the submucosa in the same way。 (L-O) Once the tunnel is opened in the middle, widen the tunnel to the right and to the left using the insulated tip knife。

圖5。  結直腸內鏡黏膜下剝離術的基本技術。(A, B)如果可以反轉內鏡,則在反轉內鏡下開始內鏡黏膜下剝離。(B)首先,注入甘油或生理鹽水以保證黏膜下層抬舉良好,然後使用粘性溶液。(C)建立部分切口,然後立即進行黏膜下剝離。(D)形成黏膜瓣後,使用短型ST透明帽充分穿透黏膜下層。(E,F)繼續進行部分切開,並使用建立口袋法或建立隧道法進行黏膜下層剝離。(G, H)剝離到一定程度時,開始切開邊緣並進行對側剝離。(I-K)以同樣的方式重複部分切開和剝離黏膜下層。(L-O)在中間形成隧道後,使用尖端絕緣電刀向左右兩側擴張隧道。

3。 If a retroflexed position is possible, it is advisable to commence ESD in this position as it stabilizes the colonoscope and allows for a horizontal approach to the submucosal layer。

如果可以反轉內鏡,建議在反轉內鏡下開始ESD,因為這可以穩定結腸鏡,並允許從水平方向接近黏膜下層。

4。 Proceed with a partial incision and submucosal dissection using either the pocket creation method or tunneling method (Figure 5, E, F), and continue with the dissection without making incisions on both lateral sides until the end of the ESD。 In general, dissection of the lower one-third of the submucosal layer is recommended without exposing the muscularis propria。 Leaving a thin submucosal layer is also necessary to avoid intraprocedural or delayed perforation。

繼續部分切開,並使用建立口袋法或隧道法進行黏膜下剝離(圖 5,E,F),在剝離過程中,不要切開兩側,直至ESD。一般來說,建議剝離至黏膜下層的下三分之一,不要暴露固有肌層。留下較薄的黏膜下層也是必要的,可以避免術中穿孔或遲發性穿孔。

5。 Once the dissection has progressed to some extent, marginal incision and dissection are commenced at the opposite side (Figure 5, G, H)。 The process of partial incision and dissection of the submucosal is repeated in the same way (Figure 5, I-K)。

剝離到一定程度時,開始切開邊緣並進行對側剝離(圖5,G,H)。以同樣的方式重複部分切開和剝離黏膜下層(圖 5,I-K)。

6。 Once the tunnel is open in the middle (Figure 5, L), the tunnel is then widened in either direction using an insulated knife (Figure 5, M-O)。

在中間形成隧道(圖 5,L)後,使用絕緣電刀向左右兩側擴張隧道(圖 5,M-O)。

Technical Tips for Difficult Colorectal ESD

困難結直腸ESD的技術提示

The risk of perforation is estimated to be higher when submucosal fibrosis is severe。 In such cases, it is necessary to use the appropriate traction method in addition to the basic strategy as described (Figure 5, M, N)。 Clips and nylon line traction can be used in the distal colon。 In the proximal colon, SO clips or multitraction loops should be used, especially for cecal ESD owing to the thin muscle layer and vertical approach to the submucosal layer。 Unlike simple gastric ESD, for colorectal ESD, it is important to repeat submucosal dissection through a partial incision instead of creating a full circumferential incision at the start。

當黏膜下纖維化嚴重時,穿孔風險可能會增加。在這種情況下,除了所描述的基本策略之外,還需要使用適當的牽引方法(圖 5,M,N)。鈦夾和尼龍繩牽引可用於遠端結腸。對於近端結腸ESD,應使用SO夾或多個牽引環,特別是對於盲腸ESD,因為這裡肌層較薄且垂直於黏膜下層。與簡單的胃ESD不同,對於結直腸ESD,重要的是透過部分切口重複黏膜下剝離,而不是在開始時就建立完整的圓周切口。

Using the Insulated Tip Knife: Technical Tips

使用尖端絕緣

刀:技術提示

The basic principles of using the insulated knife along with the different steps are detailed in Figure 6。 The key to safe and reliable ESD using the insulated knife is to perform submucosal dissection from both sides (left and right) while considering the effect of gravity, and to lift the dissected specimen using the sheath of the insulated knife after confirming the incision line before proceeding with the next dissection。

使用絕緣電刀的基本原理及各個步驟詳述於圖6。使用絕緣電刀進行安全可靠的ESD的關鍵是從兩側(左右)進行黏膜下剝離,同時考慮重力的影響,在確認切口線後使用絕緣電刀鞘提起剝離樣本,然後進行下一次剝離。

【技術篇】食管、胃、結直腸高質量ESD操作技巧

Figure 6 Using the insulated tip。 Technical tips。 (A, B) The basic principle of insulated tip knife movement is the “out→in” submucosal dissection。 Place the tip of the knife on the edge of the submucosa to be resected (A) and move the scope along the muscle layer (B)。 (C, D) Press the knife against the frontal submucosal layer to secure a safety margin (C), and then step on the coagulation mode or spray coagulation。 The knife can then dive into the submucosal layer (D), (E, F) Proceed with the submucosal layer dissection to the right or to the left。

圖6。 使用尖端絕緣電刀的技術提示。(A、B)尖端絕緣電刀移動的基本原理是“從外向內”黏膜下層剝離。將電刀的尖端放在要切除的黏膜下層邊緣(A),並沿肌層移動內鏡(B)。(C、D)將電刀壓在黏膜下層前部以確保安全邊緣(C),然後進行電凝或噴射電凝。據此,電刀可以進入黏膜下層(D),(E、F)繼續向右或向左剝離黏膜下層。

Conclusions

結論

Herein, we have described tips for efficient and appropriate ESD of the esophagus, stomach, and colon。 A high-quality ESD enables detailed pathologic diagnosis and reliable completion even in situations with severe fibrosis or those lesions in a difficult anatomic location。 It is essential to apply this technique after detecting lesions that are amenable to ESD by image enhanced endoscopy and appropriately diagnose intramucosal neoplasia using magnification endoscopy。 Finally, it is equally important to prevent complications but take appropriate measures in the event of a complication。

本文描述了對食管、胃和結腸進行有效適當ESD的技巧。即使在嚴重纖維化或病變位置難以剝離的情況下,高質量ESD也能進行詳細的病理診斷,並可靠地完成。如果影象增強內鏡發現病變適合ESD,且放大內鏡正確診斷了黏膜內瘤變,那麼進行高質量ESD至關重要。最後,預防併發症同樣重要,在出現併發症時要採取適當措施。

Reference:

Saito Y, Abe S, Inoue H, Tajiri H。 How to Perform a High-Quality Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection。 Gastroenterology。 2021 Aug;161(2):405-410。 doi: 10。1053/j。gastro。2021。05。051。 Epub 2021 Jun 2。 PMID: 34089735。

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